Like an estimated two-thirds of the world’s population, I don’t digest lactose well, which makes the occasional latte an especially pricey proposition. So it was a pleasant surprise when, shortly after moving to San Francisco, I ordered a drink at Blue Bottle Coffee and didn’t have to ask—or pay extra—for a milk alternative. Since 2022, the once Oakland-based, now Nestlé-owned cafe chain has defaulted to oat milk, both to cut carbon emissions and because lots of its affluent-tending customers were already choosing it as their go-to.

Plant-based milks, a multibillion-dollar global market, aren’t just good for the lactose intolerant: They’re also better for the climate. Dairy cows belch a lot of methane, a greenhouse gas 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide; they contribute at least 7 percent of US methane output, the equivalent emissions of 10 million cars. Cattle need a lot of room to graze, too: Plant-based milks use about a tenth as much land to produce the same quantity of milk. And it takes almost a thousand gallons of water to manufacture a gallon of dairy milk—four times the water cost of alt-milk from oats or soy.

But if climate concerns push us toward the alt-milk aisle, dairy still has price on its side. Even though plant-based milks are generally much less resource-intensive, they’re often more expensive. Walk into any Starbucks, and you’ll likely pay around 70 cents extra for nondairy options.

. Dairy’s affordability edge, explains María Mascaraque, an analyst at market research firm Euromonitor International, relies on the industry’s ability to produce “at larger volumes, which drives down the cost per carton.” American demand for milk alternatives, though expected to grow by 10 percent a year through 2030, can’t beat those economies of scale. (Globally, alt-milks aren’t new on the scene—coconut milk is even mentioned in the Sanskrit epic Mahābhārata, which is thousands of years old.)

What else contributes to cow milk’s dominance? Dairy farmers are “political favorites,” says Daniel Sumner, a University of California, Davis, agricultural economist. In addition to support like the “Dairy Checkoff,” a joint government-industry program to promote milk products (including the “Got Milk?” campaign), they’ve long raked in direct subsidies currently worth around $1 billion a year.

Big Milk fights hard to maintain those benefits, spending more than $7 million a year on lobbying. That might help explain why the US Department of Agriculture has talked around the climate virtues of meat and dairy alternatives, refusing to factor sustainability into its dietary guidelines—and why it has featured content, such as a 2013 article by then–Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack, trumpeting the dairy industry as “leading the way in sustainable innovation.”

But the USDA doesn’t directly support plant-based milk. It does subsidize some alt-milk ingredients—soybean producers, like dairy, net close to $1 billion a year on average, but that crop largely goes to feeding meat- and dairy-producing livestock and extracting oil. A 2021 report by industry analysts Mintec Limited and Frost Procurement Adventurer also notes that, while the inputs for dairy (such as cattle feed) for dairy are a little more expensive than typical plant-milk ingredients, plant alternatives face higher manufacturing costs. Alt-milk makers, Sumner says, may also have thinner profit margins: Their “strategy for growth is advertisement and promotion and publicity,” which isn’t cheap.

Starbucks, though, does benefit from economies of scale. In Europe, the company is slowly dropping premiums for alt-milks, a move it attributes to wanting to lower corporate emissions. “Market-level conditions allow us to move more quickly” than other companies, a spokesperson for the coffee giant told me, but didn’t say if or when the price drop would happen elsewhere.

In the United States, meanwhile, it’s a waiting game to see whether the government or corporations drive down alt-milk costs. Currently, Sumner says, plant-based milk producers operate under an assumption that “price isn’t the main thing” for their buyers—as long as enough privileged consumers will pay up, alt-milk can fill a premium niche. But it’s going to take a bigger market than that to make real progress in curbing emissions from food.

    • Sodis@feddit.de
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      1 year ago

      Why? Because all the animal herders will still produce lots of meat at a loss and then just burn everything no one wants to eat?

      • commie@lemmy.dbzer0.com
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        1 year ago

        i don’t believe the methodology used to calculate emissions from animal agriculture is appropriate: every examination i’ve done has attributed emissions to animals that are actually conservation, like feeding cattle cottonseed and then attributing the impacts of cotton grown for textiles to cattle.

        • Sodis@feddit.de
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          1 year ago

          But then you doubt the number and not the general effect of reducing carbon emissions by switching to a plant-based diet, right? Because it is pretty obvious, that growing plants and then feeding those plants to animals is way more inefficient than eating the plants without extra steps.

          • commie@lemmy.dbzer0.com
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            1 year ago

            a lot of what is fed to animals are parts of plants that people can’t or won’t eat. there may be some reduction but i don’t believe it can be anywhere near 70%

            • Sodis@feddit.de
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              1 year ago

              Do you have any sources on hand? It’s hard to google for this stuff without running into sites by PETA etc, which are too biased for my taste.

              • commie@lemmy.dbzer0.com
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                1 year ago

                i don’t know of any broad surveys across crop categories but i’m pretty familiar with soy

                https://ourworldindata.org/soy

                you can see that 17% of all soybeans becomes oil. but a soybean is only about 20% oil altogether. in order to extract that much oil, we must press about 85% of the global crop of soybeans. the vast majority if the soy fed to livestock is the industrial waste from that process. you can see in that chart it’s called “soy cake” or “soy meal”.

                elsewhere in this thread i mentioned cottonseed.

                • Sodis@feddit.de
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                  1 year ago

                  But then humans can also eat that soy meal to get their proteins. It’s pretty tasty, I eat it regularly.

                  • commie@lemmy.dbzer0.com
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                    1 year ago

                    people do eat soy meal but they eat very little of the amount produced. if the vast majority of it weren’t fed to livestock it would just be waste.

                • DarthFrodo@lemmy.world
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                  1 year ago

                  in order to extract that much oil, we must press about 85% of the global crop of soybeans. the vast majority if the soy fed to livestock is the industrial waste from that process.

                  I’ve already told you that we can produce plant-based meat or soy protein for other uses from that, which you conceded, and you still call it “industrial waste”. Why are you knowingly spreading misinformation?

                  • commie@lemmy.dbzer0.com
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                    1 year ago

                    not only can we do that: we DO that. but there frankly isn’t enough human use for that, so it would be wasted if we didn’t feed it to animals.

                  • commie@lemmy.dbzer0.com
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                    1 year ago

                    Why are you knowingly spreading misinformation?

                    i am doing no such thing. i’m simply pointing out your lies.

    • threeduck@aussie.zone
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      1 year ago

      I’m going to use your sound logical deductions and reasoning skills to reply to your comment in kind, ready?

      I doubt it

      Yeah? Well I doubt THAT.

      • commie@lemmy.dbzer0.com
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        1 year ago

        you can doubt whether i doubt something but i am the authority on whether i doubt something so self-reporting my doubt is the strongest evidence that can be gathered in support of the claim.

      • commie@lemmy.dbzer0.com
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        1 year ago

        a claim made without evidence can be dismissed without evidence. i’ve presented exactly as much evedince as the claim to which i was responding.

    • Honytawk@lemmy.zip
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      1 year ago

      If you see how much crops we need to grow and fresh water we need to feed a cow, you’d see how inefficient meat is.

      70% of all the crops we grow is to feed our livestock.

      Meaning for 1/3 on our plate, we use more than double the resources than the other 2/3 combined.